Osmanian

Political Science Notes UGC JRF NET Political Science Notes Rights, Democracy, Power, and Citizenship Rights, Democracy, Power, and Citizenship Rights In political science, rights refer to entitlements or freedoms that individuals or groups possess, often recognized and protected by a governing authority, such as a state or constitution. These can be broadly categorized into: Natural Rights: Inherent to individuals by virtue of being human (e.g., life, liberty, and property, as emphasized by thinkers like John Locke). Legal Rights: Granted and enforced by laws within a political system (e.g., the right to vote or free speech). Civil Rights: Protections against discrimination and guarantees of equal treatment (e.g., rights to equality under the law). Political Rights: Enable participation in governance (e.g., voting, running for office). Social/Economic Rights: Ensure access to basic needs like education, healthcare, or housing, often debated in terms of state responsibi...

Political Science Notes    UGC JRF NET Political Science study material - Concepts - Liberty Equality Justice In political science, liberty, equality, and justice are foundational concepts that shape the study of governance, power, and societal organization. These principles are often interwoven, serving as ideals that political systems strive to achieve or balance, while their interpretations and applications vary across ideologies, regimes, and historical contexts. Below, I explain each concept in the context of political science, drawing on their theoretical underpinnings and practical implications. 1. Liberty Definition: Liberty refers to the condition of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on an individual’s behavior, thought, or way of life. In political science, it is the ability of individuals or groups to exercise autonomy and self-determination within a political system. Theoretical Context: Negative Liberty: Articulated by thin...

Amendments to Indian Constitution - Detailed notes of all amendments. As of March 2025, the Constitution of India has been amended 106 times.  The Prime Minister who made the most amendments to the Indian Constitution was Indira Gandhi . Total Amendments During Her Tenure: 28 (from 24th Amendment in 1971 to 52nd Amendment in 1985 ) Key Amendments: 24th Amendment (1971): Gave Parliament power to amend Fundamental Rights. 25th Amendment (1971): Reduced property rights to a legal right. 42nd Amendment (1976) – "Mini Constitution": Made major changes, including adding "Socialist" & "Secular" to the Preamble, curbing judicial review, and strengthening central government powers. 44th Amendment (1978) – Reversed Some 42nd Amendment Changes (by Morarji Desai after Indira Gandhi lost in 1977). Indira Gandhi’s tenure saw the most constitutional changes, especially during the Emergency period (1975-77) . The most amended part of the Indian Constitution...