Amendments to Indian Constitution - Detailed notes of all amendments 81 to 106

 Amendments to Indian Constitution - Detailed notes of all amendments 81 to 106

81st Amendment (2000) – SC/ST Backlog Quota

• Allowed the carry-forward of unfilled SC/ST reserved vacancies in government jobs to the next year without affecting the current year’s reservation quota.

82nd Amendment (2000)

• Restored relaxation in qualifying marks for SCs and STs in promotions for government jobs by modifying Article 335.

83rd Amendment (2000)

• Exempted Nagaland from the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes in the Legislative Assembly as there are no SCs in the state.

84th Amendment (2001)

• Froze parliamentary and state legislative seat delimitation until the first census after 2026.
• Allowed re-adjustment of constituencies based on population but without increasing the number of seats.

85th Amendment (2001)

• Allowed SC/ST employees to get consequential seniority in job promotions with retrospective effect from June 1995.

86th Amendment (2002) – Right to Education

• Made free and compulsory education for children (6-14 years) a Fundamental Right (Article 21A).
• Required parents to send their children to school.
• Added Early Childhood Care and Education under Directive Principles (Article 45).

87th Amendment (2003)

• Allowed re-adjustment of parliamentary and state assembly constituencies based on the 2001 Census without increasing the total number of seats.

88th Amendment (2003)

• Provided for the levy of Service Tax under a separate Service Tax Fund, with revenue distribution between the Centre and States.

89th Amendment (2003) – SC/ST Commission Bifurcation

• Separated the National Commission for SCs and STs into two bodies:
  1. National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)
  2. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)

90th Amendment (2003)

• Provided reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in Assam’s Bodoland Territorial Areas District (BTAD) without affecting existing reservation for other communities.

Here are the details of the 91st to 100th Amendments to the Indian Constitution:

91st Amendment (2003) – Curbing Defections & Ministerial Strength

• Restricted the size of the Council of Ministers at the Centre and in States to 15% of the total members in the respective legislature.
• Disqualified defected members from being appointed as ministers.

92nd Amendment (2003) – Addition of New Languages

• Added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali to the Eighth Schedule, increasing the number of official languages to 22.

93rd Amendment (2005) – OBC Reservation in Educational Institutions

• Allowed the state to make special provisions for socially and educationally backward classes, SCs, and STs in educational institutions, including private unaided institutions (except minority institutions) under Article 15(5).

94th Amendment (2006)

• Removed the requirement of a separate minister for tribal welfare in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Orissa, after the creation of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

95th Amendment (2009)

• Extended reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another 10 years (until 2020).

96th Amendment (2011) – Name Change of Language

• Changed the name of "Oriya" language to "Odia" in the Eighth Schedule.

97th Amendment (2011) – Promotion of Cooperatives

• Gave constitutional status to cooperative societies.
• Added a new Part IXB to define the powers and responsibilities of cooperative societies.

98th Amendment (2012)

• Granted special status to Hyderabad-Karnataka region under Article 371J, allowing reservation in education and government jobs.

99th Amendment (2014) – National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) (Struck Down)

• Replaced the Collegium System for appointing Supreme Court and High Court judges with the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC).
• Struck down by the Supreme Court in 2015, restoring the Collegium System.

100th Amendment (2015) – Land Boundary Agreement with Bangladesh

• Finalized the land boundary agreement between India and Bangladesh by exchanging enclaves and territories between the two nations.

101st Amendment (2016) – Goods and Services Tax (GST)

• Introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST), replacing multiple indirect taxes.
• Added Article 246A, giving both the Centre and States power to levy GST.
• Established the GST Council under Article 279A to oversee tax policies.

102nd Amendment (2018) – National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC)

• Granted constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC).
• Introduced Article 338B, defining NCBC’s structure, functions, and responsibilities.
• Added Article 342A, giving the President the power to identify socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs).

103rd Amendment (2019) – 10% EWS Reservation

• Provided 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in education and government jobs.
• Introduced Articles 15(6) and 16(6) for EWS reservations.

104th Amendment (2020) – SC/ST Reservation Extension

• Extended reservation of seats for SCs and STs in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another 10 years (until 2030).
• Removed the reservation for Anglo-Indians in legislatures.

105th Amendment (2021) – State's Power to Identify OBCs

• Restored state governments' power to identify Other Backward Classes (OBCs) for reservations.
• Amended Article 342A to allow states to prepare their own OBC list, overriding the 102nd Amendment.

106th Amendment (2023) – Reservation for Women in Parliament and State Assemblies

• Reserved 33% (one-third) of seats for women in Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
• Introduced new Articles 330A and 332A to enforce women's reservation.
• Implementation will take place after the next census and delimitation process.

 * Constitution Amendments - 1-20 |  21- 40 | 41- 60 | 61- 80 | 81 - 106 |